Iraq War Essay - 1650 Words

Iraq War (Essay Sample) Content: Iraq WarNameInstitutionOutline of the SpeechSpeaker:Thesis: Iraq WarIntroductionThe war on Iraq has been a contentious subject matter.War has lasted for over a decadeWas the invasion on Iraq worth it and justified?BodyPart OneIt is clear that the magnitudes and outcomes of the Iraq war have had adversative effects on the United States and even worse on the state of Iraq as a country.War has resulted into the deaths of numerous soldiers of the United States and also the other nations.There has been use of billions and billions of cash used to fund the war, cash that would have been used for development. Iraq as a nation has been ruined and devastated. Not only has the war resulted in the deaths of several citizens of Iraq, it also ruined infrastructure such as schools, hospitals and even mosques.Part TwoThe killing of Osama bin Laden is deemed to have shown the reason for the invasion. He was responsible for the terrorist attacks in numerous places across the world.The invasion of Iraq was a clear statement to extremist groups that they would not be allowed to terrorize and intimidate people all over the world.ConclusionThe killing of Osama bin Laden can show the justification of the invasion and the instigation of the War on Iraq. However, from this numerous lives of innocent men, women and children were taken. This can also be considered not to be worth it.Speech on the Iraq WarIntroduction I believe just about every individual in this place today is not a stranger to the Iraq war. Up until this current period, the Iraq war has become one of the most debated and argued subject matters in the whole world. Several individuals have diverse and differing opinions regarding the events and happenings that have taken place thus far. In the present day, arguments for the invasion of Iraq have been brought for while numerous people still insist that the invasion was not deemed necessary as it resulted into a war that has surpassed a decade. So what do y ou think, was the invasion and the subsequent Iraq war necessary? It is clear that the magnitudes and outcomes of the Iraq war have had adversative effects on the United States and even worse on the state of Iraq as a country. After the horrid September 11th attacks in the United States by the al-Qaeda terrorist group is what instigated that declaration of war against Iraq with the determination and endeavor to get rid of terrorists and insurgents who have brought problems all around the world. A number of people might argue that the United States together with the NATO forces ought to have not invaded Iraq (Bruce and Pirnie, 2008). This is for the reason that this particular action on its own resulted into the deaths of numerous soldiers of the United States and also the other nations. To add on to that, the United States together with its NATO forces have incurred billions of money and capital. This is money that could have been otherwise employed or instigated to improve the grow th and the development of the nations rather than fund for war that resulted into the demise of numerous people (The Guardian, 2003). Another negative effect of the war on Iraq is the deaths of the innocent men, women and children in the nation of Iraq as well as the soldiers who were killed. To add on to that, structures such as schools and hospitals were all destroyed by bomb attacks on the various regions. Not only did this negatively impact the development of Iraq, it also made it become a failed state. Infrastructure and the functioning of the country were completely ruined by the war n(North, 2009).However, on the other hand, there are numerous proponents towards the invasion of the United States army and the NATO forces in Iraq. To begin with, the biggest accomplishment of this battle that has span over ten years is the capture and killing of Osama bin Laden, a man that was responsible for the September 11th attacks (Gordon, 2006). To add on to that, by killing the head of th e terrorist group of al-Qaeda it is deemed that this disabled the force of t... Iraq War Essay - 1650 Words Iraq War (Essay Sample) Content: Iraq WarNameInstitutionOutline of the SpeechSpeaker:Thesis: Iraq WarIntroductionThe war on Iraq has been a contentious subject matter.War has lasted for over a decadeWas the invasion on Iraq worth it and justified?BodyPart OneIt is clear that the magnitudes and outcomes of the Iraq war have had adversative effects on the United States and even worse on the state of Iraq as a country.War has resulted into the deaths of numerous soldiers of the United States and also the other nations.There has been use of billions and billions of cash used to fund the war, cash that would have been used for development. Iraq as a nation has been ruined and devastated. Not only has the war resulted in the deaths of several citizens of Iraq, it also ruined infrastructure such as schools, hospitals and even mosques.Part TwoThe killing of Osama bin Laden is deemed to have shown the reason for the invasion. He was responsible for the terrorist attacks in numerous places across the world.The invasion of Iraq was a clear statement to extremist groups that they would not be allowed to terrorize and intimidate people all over the world.ConclusionThe killing of Osama bin Laden can show the justification of the invasion and the instigation of the War on Iraq. However, from this numerous lives of innocent men, women and children were taken. This can also be considered not to be worth it.Speech on the Iraq WarIntroduction I believe just about every individual in this place today is not a stranger to the Iraq war. Up until this current period, the Iraq war has become one of the most debated and argued subject matters in the whole world. Several individuals have diverse and differing opinions regarding the events and happenings that have taken place thus far. In the present day, arguments for the invasion of Iraq have been brought for while numerous people still insist that the invasion was not deemed necessary as it resulted into a war that has surpassed a decade. So what do y ou think, was the invasion and the subsequent Iraq war necessary? It is clear that the magnitudes and outcomes of the Iraq war have had adversative effects on the United States and even worse on the state of Iraq as a country. After the horrid September 11th attacks in the United States by the al-Qaeda terrorist group is what instigated that declaration of war against Iraq with the determination and endeavor to get rid of terrorists and insurgents who have brought problems all around the world. A number of people might argue that the United States together with the NATO forces ought to have not invaded Iraq (Bruce and Pirnie, 2008). This is for the reason that this particular action on its own resulted into the deaths of numerous soldiers of the United States and also the other nations. To add on to that, the United States together with its NATO forces have incurred billions of money and capital. This is money that could have been otherwise employed or instigated to improve the grow th and the development of the nations rather than fund for war that resulted into the demise of numerous people (The Guardian, 2003). Another negative effect of the war on Iraq is the deaths of the innocent men, women and children in the nation of Iraq as well as the soldiers who were killed. To add on to that, structures such as schools and hospitals were all destroyed by bomb attacks on the various regions. Not only did this negatively impact the development of Iraq, it also made it become a failed state. Infrastructure and the functioning of the country were completely ruined by the war n(North, 2009).However, on the other hand, there are numerous proponents towards the invasion of the United States army and the NATO forces in Iraq. To begin with, the biggest accomplishment of this battle that has span over ten years is the capture and killing of Osama bin Laden, a man that was responsible for the September 11th attacks (Gordon, 2006). To add on to that, by killing the head of th e terrorist group of al-Qaeda it is deemed that this disabled the force of t...

Smart Study Strategies Skills for 7 Intelligence Types

People are smart in different ways. Some people can create a catchy song on command. Others can memorize every word of a book, paint a masterpiece or understand complex human emotions innately. When you realize where your strengths lie, you can figure out the best way to study. Based on Howard Gardners theory of intelligence, which challenged the long-held beliefs that students were empty vessels waiting for teachers to â€Å"deposit† knowledge into. Their level of intelligence was measured by the ability to regurgitate the deposited material on exam day. Thanks to Gardner, we now know that people learn in very different ways and hence should study in a way that best suits their individual learning type. These study tips can help you tailor your learning for your intelligence type. Word Smart Also known as linguistic intelligence, word-smart people are good with words, letters and phrases. They enjoy activities such as reading, playing scrabble or other word games, and having deep discussions. If youre word smart, these study strategies can help you focus your strengths. • Make detailed flashcards and practice with them regularly.Take extensive notes. Word-smart people often visualize the word in their minds, and writing it out helps bolster that mental image.• Keep a journal of what you learn. Journaling is a scientifically proven way to reflect on complex issues. If you journal before going to sleep, your subconscious brain will use the downtime to work through the problem without daily distractions impeding the process. Number Smart Number-smart people, or those with logical-mathematical intelligence, are good with numbers, equations and logic. They enjoy coming up with solutions to logical problems and figuring things out. If youre number smart, give these study strategies a try. •Make your notes into numeric charts and graphs, which makes it easier for your brain to logically organize the information.•Use the roman numeral style of outlining to highlight key concepts while using sub-categories for supplementary information.•Put information you receive into personalized categories and classifications for better memory retention and recall. Picture Smart Picture-smart or spatially intelligent people are good with art and design. They enjoy being creative, watching movies and visiting art museums. Picture smart people can benefit from these study tips: Sketch pictures that represent or expand on your notes or in the margins of your textbooks.•Draw a picture on a flashcard for each concept or vocabulary word you study.Use charts and graphic organizers to keep track of what you learn. Body Smart Also known as kinesthetic intelligence, body smart people work well with their hands. They enjoy physical activities such as exercise, sports and outdoor work. These study strategies can help body smart people be successful. Act out or imagine the concepts you need to remember. Imagine that you’re concept is the topic of a charades game.Look for real-life examples that demonstrate what youre learning, such as celebrity representations of historical figures.•Search for manipulatives, such as computer programs, that can help you master the material. You learn by doing, so the more practice, the better. Music Smart Music-smart people are good with rhythms and beats. They enjoy listening to new music, attending concerts and composing songs. If youre music smart, these activities can help you study: •Create a song or rhyme that will help you remember a concept. Your subconscious brain will often make associations, and a song is a vibrant memory to help you recall important facts.•Listen to classical music while you study. The soothing, rhythmic melodies will help you â€Å"get in the zone.†Ã‚•Remember vocabulary words by linking them to similar-sounding words in your mind. Word association is a highly effective way to recall complex vocabulary. People Smart Interpersonal intelligence — those who are people smart are good with relating to people. They enjoy going to parties, visiting with friends and sharing what they learn. People-smart students should give these strategies a try. Discuss what you learn with a friend or family member. Often the act of sharing information can help clarify the concept and make it easier to recall during an exam.•Have someone quiz you before an exam. People-smart students thrive in peer-pressure situations.•Create or join a study group. With various learning types at one table, new and better ways to remember tricky concepts can emerge, benefitting the entire group. Self Smart Self-smart people, those with intrapersonal intelligence, are comfortable with themselves. They enjoy being alone to think and reflect. If youre self smart, try these tips: • Keep a personal journal about what youre learning. The chance to reflect and recharge will give you the necessary energy to sort through any concepts that you’re struggling with.•Self-smart people can often be drained by large groups. Find a place to study where you wont be interrupted.When working in group projects, keep yourself involved by individualizing each aspect of the project and creating small milestones to celebrate.

Essay on Book Review on Dickens Great Expectations

There are reasons why novels become classics, and â€Å"Great Expectation† by Charles Dickens is certainly a beloved classic with an exceptional plot and a great deal of rich themes and symbolism. This classic is filled with eccentric characters, themes and symbolism. Themes play an important part in â€Å"Great Expectations†, there are a few major themes in this novel. Dickens explores the England social class system thoroughly, criminals (the lowest end of the system) to high aristocrats are described. We also even get to see a working class boy (Pip) get turned into an aristocrat. Also, the injustice of the penile system is also explored, how innocent people such as Magwitch can be unfairly put into the system. Dickens gives a wonderful†¦show more content†¦But near the end of the story, through Joe, Magwitch and Biddy, Pip realized that he shouldn’t look at things superficially, and what is â€Å"inside† is what matters. There are many interesting and eccentric characters in this novel such as Estella and Jaggers, but the most important and interesting character of all is Pip. He changes dramatically throughout the play, there are several stages of change. At first, he was untainted by things such as value and class, he cared for Joe and was not ashamed of who he is. After the encounter with Estella, he was humiliated because he is a blacksmith, he wore thick boots, had coarse hands and called knaves â€Å"jacks†. That was a turning point for Pip. After that, he became ashamed towards being a blacksmith, and starts to become ambitious, he longed to be noticed and loved by Estella. He started to care about education and the class system. After Pip started to get money from Magwitch, he becomes very superficial and involved in his aristocratic life (which isn’t very pleasant). Overall, in all three stages, Pip has a very simple and childish mind, as soon as he sees something that will ben efit him, he will do it with great expectations without thinking it thoroughly. He getsShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Struggle for Acceptance in The Cider House Rules1711 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence are part of a large symbolic link to the actual book itself.   Homer’s life as an orphan struggling for acceptance and to â€Å"Be of Use† is shadowed by The Cider House Rules struggle for acceptance in the mass literary market and its need to purvey its views on abortion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After writing his first few books, Irving was left disappointed that although the literary critics embraced them, for the general masses his books fell on deaf ears.   (Hill 250) Unfortunately it is the generalRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesDEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL It was the Industrial Revolution that allowed not only cheap printing and papermaking but also rapid book distribution by rail at the time of flourishing reading population. Reading was some kind of a creative act for lower middle class with political connotation. A good example is the one of the pottery worker Charles Shaw who saved a space only for his books in spite of living in poky room. For such people printing was still not cheap enough, that is why reading aloud remained

Pro Choice Among Women Essay Example For Students

Pro Choice Among Women Essay Word Count: 1709 An onlookers view of Pro Choice amongst women Many clinics provide abortion services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an uncontrollable one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not have been easily accessible: uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a treatment for unfit or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to bear an infant before morally ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, accepting that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy. As an advocate of womens rights to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. There are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the prevention of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abortion, we wouldnt be supporting the righteousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable. For those whom agree that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy allow another to be the decider on the future life of a fetus? As Marquis states, an FLO is to claim that a fetus now has the potential to be in a state of a certain kind in the future. (143) If a woman chooses to abort the fetus, according to Marquis, she is depriving it of the future it could possibly have. This would be more relevant to comprehend if one knew that the fetus would be born completely healthy. It is not known in the early stages of pregnancy if the fetus will be born without abnormalities, or defects. Therefor, it is impossible to state that the fetus would ever even see a FLO. It is wrong to kill peaceful or harmless persons, as Marquis argues, the FLO account of the wrongness of killing is correct because it explains why we believe that killing is one of the worst of crimes.(141) Would it also be wrong to place an individual in the world that is handicapped, deformed, or otherwise incompetent? Abortion is an inexpensive procedure to prevent this from occurring. If a woman knows that the fetus will more than likely not have a FLO, then she is correct in deciding on terminating her pregnancy. The determinants to this would be from being unfit or unplanned. If the woman is unhealthy in any way, then that creates an atmosphere for the unborn child that is unhealthy as well. Pro-choice followers do feel that there is a time when abortion is immoral and unethical, which is aborting after the second trimester. By the third trimester, a fetus has formed distinct facial features, digits, limbs, and internal organs. To anyone, this would be the equivalent to the physical human person. Warren states that, the late term fetus has features which cause it to arouse in us almost the same powerful protective instinct as does a small infant. (133) The consequences .

Name Micah Delo Essays - Harry Houdini, Spiritualism, Escapologists

Name: Micah Delo Title of Book: The Great Houdini; Magician Extraordinary Author: Beryl Williams and Samuel Epstein Publisher: Julian Messner Where Published: New York When Published: 1966 Number of pages: 178 1. Who is the subject of the book? The subject of my book is Ehrich Weiss, also known as the ?Great Houdini?. 2. What aspects of the book made it enjoyable? Well I really liked some of his tricks and famous escapes. I also liked the way he and his wife never quit trying to find a circus or act to play at. They never got down on themselves for not getting an act to play at. 3. State the subject's most outstanding personality trait. Cite evidence from the book to support your statement. Houdini's most outstanding personality trait was his perseverence. Once, when Ehrich was desperately trying to promote the act he called The Houdini Brothers, which was most unsuccessful. His failures were particularly discouraging with the death of his father, shortly after the new career was launched. He was left with increased sense of responsibility for his family and especially for his mother. He refused to give up. Another time he got an act at Tony Pastor's show. Just about the best show around. He performed better than he ever had. When he asked Mr. Pastor for an endorsement the man pulled out a sheet of paper and wrote, ?Satisfactory and interesting?. He took Mr. Pastor's statement to a dozen agents, but the agents just nodded and handed it back. He didn't give up, and several weeks later he got an invitation to perform with Welsh Brothers' Circus. Finally, he di dn't even get down on himself for having to run errands at a supermarket for most of his early life to get money to eat and pay the rent. 4. Give frank criticism of the story including reasons for your statements. In some parts of the book the sentences ran on forever. When I reached the end of them, I found them to be pointless. 5. Write a summary of the book. Highlight the person's successes and failures. Ehrich Weiss was born on April 6, 1874. Just a few months before the Weiss family had moved to the United States from Hungary. They settled in Appleton, Wisconsin. In Hungary his father was a highly respected teacher; but here in Appleton it was different. Here he was a stranger and ignorant of many things they themselves took for granted. Ehrich took his professional surname from that of the French magician Jean Eugene Robert- Houdin. Houdini began his career in 1882 as a trapeze performer. Later he became famous for his performances of feats of magic. He showed great ability in extricating himself from handcuffs, ropes, locked trucks, and bonds of any sort. At one time he had himself tied and them locked in a packing case, which was bound with steel tape and dropped into the harbor off the Battery in New York City. Houdini appeared on the surface of the water in 59 seconds. Houdini attributed all his feats of magic to natural, physical effects. He also explained how many of his tricks were performed. He exposed the tricks of fraudulent spiritualistic mediums, often producing ?spiritualistic? phenomena himself that he explained in nonmystical, physical terms. Before he died, Houdini arranged a definitive test of spiritualism. He devised a ten-word code that he would communicate to his wife, if possible, within ten years after his death. After he died, various mediums maintained that they were able to establish contact with him, but none was able to transmit to his wife the prearranged code. He left his library of magic, one of the most valuable in the world, to the Library of Congress. Among his writings are The Unmasking of Robert- Houdin, Miracle Mongers and their Methods, and A Magician Among the Spirits. A selection of his writings, Houdini on Magic, appeared posthumously in 1954. He performed until his death in 1926.

Supply Management in the Ontario Dairy Industry Essays

Supply Management in the Ontario Dairy Industry Essays Supply Management in the Ontario Dairy Industry Essay Supply Management in the Ontario Dairy Industry Essay To counteract this instability and to Increase milk prices, Canadian milk producers, along with the federal government, established a supply management yester to prevent surpluses and provide support prices based on a production cost formula. The formula is updated throughout the year from data collected from producers by the field staff of the marketing boards (Saber, 1988). This supply management program empowered the federal government to use production restrictions, rather than price, to fit the supply of milk with its demand Jacobson, 1988). At present, there are five commodities in Canada under supply management (milk, eggs, chickens, turkey and tobacco) which account for about 1/4 of all farm receipts (Lealer and Statuary, 1985, Schmitt, 1983). At the beginning of supply management, the program seemed like a cure for the problems of the dairy Industry. Now however, the supply management system, with all Its rules and regulations, Is too rolled and Inflexible to consumer Interests and wasteful In resource allocation compared to a free market. In Ontario, the Ontario Milk Marketing Board (MAMBO) Is the sole buyer of milk and which it then sells it to processors (Annexed, 1986). The MAMBO has jurisdiction for the provincial regulation of fluid milk. The Canadian Dairy Commission has primary responsibility for regulation of industrial milk. It sets target prices for industrial milk as well as purchases surplus skim milk powder and butter which it sells on world markets and puts back into the local market as demand requires (Saber, 1988). While the dairy industry in the United States is not perfect, supply management is opposed there. The National Dairy Commission on Dairy Policy (NCSC) endorsed a market oriented policy. The commission believed that profitability should be possible but not guaranteed. The producers that are efficient and Innovative would prosper in a free market (Pedal, 1988). Because the marketing boards in Canada are the ole buyers of milk at a fixed price, there Is unfairness In returns among producers because they cannot make competitive contracts with their local milk processors like Unlike farmers in the United States, who are paid basically on a supply and demand system, dairy farmers in Canada are peptidase on a cost of production formula. The formula base is derived from the following elements: cash input prices (35%), average earnings of industrial workers in Ontario (20%), general wholesale price index (30%), and fluid sales as a percent of total milk sales (15%) (Ham and Not, 1986). The cost of production formula for calculating the price of milk seems to be too generous. As the price of milk increases, the value of quota increases. This occurs because farmers are willing to pay more since they can expect to recover the cost of acquiring quota and still make a profit in the future. Producers acquire a net income that is higher than what they would under an unregulated system (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). Therefore, elevated quota prices are an indication that dairy farmers are being overpaid (Forbes et al. , 1982). The supply management pricing formula gives small and inefficient producers enough income, which would not be adequate for producers under competition. For example, the flock size of Ontario egg producers is less than the minimum efficient size while the average flock size in the United States is greater than this minimum efficient size (Schmitt, 1983). Supply management causes inefficiencies in the dairy industry. Overlaps in the raw milk assembly routes lead to higher transportation costs and small milk processing plants are inefficient because they do not achieve the economies of scale of larger plants (Forbes et al. , 1982). The system also lacks competition. Supply management raises prices to unrealistic levels, which reduces growth and development within the industry (Pedal, 1988). In a free market, there is price competition. This can lead to price wars and, therefore, lower prices for consumers. Some provinces, like Ontario, do not have minimum prices for fluid milk. Grocery stores, especially in border towns, lower the price of milk to that of American stores. By using milk as a loss leader, grocery stores can bring in more customers because milk is a necessity (Saber, 1988). Supply management also causes loss of entrepreneurial freedom, and increased penitence of producers on government (Forbes et al. , 1982). Regulations in the supply management system limit expansion and the size of the operation (Schmitt, 1983). Ontario dairy producers are essentially prevented from significant expansion unless they have significant amounts of capital to cover further purchases of quota (Ham and Not, 1986). Canada is a relatively high-cost milk producing nation (Forbes et al. , 1982). Milk production costs are higher in Canada than they are in the United States (Saber, 1988). The productivity of Canadian dairy farms relative to other countries, such as he United States and New Zealand, is quite low. Milk yield per cow is 15% lower in Canada than in the United States. Ontario has the largest herd size in Canada. However, the average dairy herd in the northeastern U. S. Is 60% larger than in Ontario (Forbes et al. , 1982). While Michigan and Ontario produce almost the same amount of milk (5,568 million pounds and 5,585 million pounds, respectively), Michigan has only 6,500 dairy farmers while Ontario has 10,300. This is because Michigan, on average, has more cows per farm, and each cow has higher production than its counterparts in Ontario (Ham and Not, 1986). Ontario farmers also have the United States are 1/3 to 1/2 of those in Ontario. As well, management productivity is lower in Ontario than in the United States (Forbes et al. , 1982). The dairy industry in Canada is also subsidized more than in the United States (Emilee and Large, 1989). A direct subsidy from the federal government is paid to dairy farmers at a rate of $6. 03 per hectoring (Saber, 1988). The subsidy is fashioned to keep prices for consumers lower than they otherwise would be. This maintains a larger Canadian dairy industry than might be if the subsidy was not here (Ham and Not, 1986). Supply management gives farmers monopoly power. Milk production under the quota system in Canada involves massive transfers of income from consumers and taxpayers to milk producers and, to a lesser degree, to dairy processors and foreign consumers. These income transfers mean significant losses in social welfare and are a misapplication of resources (Schmitt, 1983). The extra consumer burden is a social cost resulting from an inefficient risk allocation, and is composed of three parts. The first is the redistribution of income from consumers to producers. The second is the compensation paid to producers for the risk of their regulatory asset (quota), which is a cost to society. The last is the administration costs and the inefficiencies brought on by the program (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). Dairy producers gain about $700 million from these income transfers. Dairy processors also share in this windfall because the industrial sector is notably larger than it would be in a free market system. Foreign consumers of exported skim milk products also gain because they can purchase these products at prices much lower Han they are in Canada, and even below the Canadian cost of production (Forbes et al. , 1982). The largest factor affecting the social cost of supply management is how much Canadian prices diverge from prices of efficiently produced output in world markets (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). In 1980, it cost taxpayers $300 million to pay dairy producers the direct subsidy and the administrative and marketing costs of the regulatory programs. Because consumers pay higher prices for fluid milk and dairy products and consume less than under a free market, they suffer an income transfer of $700 million (Forbes et al. 1982). This consumer loss of almost $1 billion is by far the largest of any of the supply managed commodities (Schmitt, 1983). The income gains by dairy farmers under supply management soon translate into capital gains, benefiting those who held land and quota in the early sasss and leaving succeeding entrants into dairy farming not much better off than dairy farmers before the system began. This is because the higher milk price is offset by the capital cost of quota to enter the system (Forbes et al. , 1982). When the quota system started, producers obtained free quota, based on historic production. However, the demand for quota soon increased, which put a capital value on it. In 1988, quota prices were $204/keg. At this price, it is estimated that quota alone costs over $5000 per cow (Saber, 1988). This can mean up to 2/3 of the farms initial capital costs (Annexed, 1986). This immense outlay of money makes it very hard for new producers to enter the market (Saber, 1988). Banks are often reluctant to finance loans to purchase quota because it only has a paper value and cannot be used as collateral (Annexed, 1986). Quota is also not production can only secure quota from future growth (Saber, 1988). When quota is not freely transferable, producers absorb most of the risk. This raises social costs and reduces the net transfer benefit to farmers (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). The restrictions of transferring quota increases the marketability costs and the possibility that quota will be held by persons who are underspecified (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). Constraints in transferring quotas between producers increase the costs of diversifying (Lealer and Statuary, 1985). The quota system makes dairy products more expensive for consumers. Prices for dairy products have skyrocketed since the introduction of supply management. Consumer prices could average 50 percent higher than comparable U. S. Dairy product prices. Higher prices of milk also discourage consumption (Pedal, 1988). Milk and dairy products are an important source of calcium, protein and vitamin D and form a crucial part of the Canadian diet (Forbes et al. , 1982). As a result, they are considered a necessity. Canadians spend about 1/6 of their total food budget on milk and dairy products. Therefore, higher milk prices puts a burden on consumers with the lowest incomes, because it is something that everyone buys (Forbes et al. 1982, Saber, 1988). Supply management has increased food prices substantially in the poultry industry as well. In 1970, prices of eggs in the United States exceeded those of Toronto by 5. 2 cents per dozen. However, with the introduction of supply management system in the early sasss, a dramatic reversal occurred. By 1976, a dozen eggs in Toronto cost 18. 1 cents per dozen more than in the United States (Schmitt, 1983). As well as having lower prices, the United States also has lower farm retail price spreads. Farm gate prices accounted for 79% of the retail price of eggs in Toronto, while in New York it is only 58% (Schmitt, 1983). Dairy producers also take a higher proportion of the retail price of dairy products than they do in the United States. This means higher input costs for processors. Dairy processing is the second biggest industry of the food processing sector, accounting for over 16% of total food and drink sales (Moron, 1990). Supply management has caused wide disparities in bargaining power between milk producers and milk processors (Forbes et al. , 1982). As of 1988, processors only held observer status on the Canadian Milk Supply Management Committee and they also old not vote (Saber, 1988). Although wanting to respond to consumers desires for new products, especially ones with low fat, processors feel constrained by the quota system in Canada. In 1988, the supply system was based on butterfat, so the promotion of low fat products was very slow (Saber, 1988). However, there are now negotiations to move toward multiple component pricing and place less emphasis on Processors feel unable to meet consumer demands and wish that more milk was available to develop new products. Canadian dairy groups are not as enterprising in search and development as Americans. One example is low fat processed cheese. It took two years to introduce this product to grocery stores in Canada after it was developed in the United States (Saber, 1988). A supply management program for the dairy industry is bad for international and national trade. As well as a virtual embargo on the importation of butter, only a certain quantity of cheese can be milk, are dumped on world markets at prices under the national price and the cost of production. Imports of fluid milk from the United States are virtually prevented and here is no intervocalic trade of fluid milk (Forbes et al. , 1982). Trade barriers decrease the welfare of the whole world and policies of individual countries inflict unwarranted costs on domestic economies (Emilee and Large, 1989). These practices are contrary to Canadas policy of promoting more liberalized international trade and breaking down intervocalic trade barriers. The world is moving toward greater trade liberalizing. This trend towards trade liberalizing has swung public policy away from farmer protection towards processor survival and sector development (Harley, 1990). The mandate of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATE) is to reduce import barriers, increase control of the use of direct and indirect subsidies and minimize the unfavorable effects that sanitary and Photostatting regulations can have on trade (Emilee and Large, 1989). With multilateral trade, the dairy industry would experience domestic deregulation, and the value of quota would become nil. Dairy production would expand 32% and net earnings (gross income minus cash and feed costs) would increase 38% (Emilee and Large, 1989). Under multilateral trade, total producer welfare would decrease $2. Billion but consumers and taxpayer would gain $3. 7 billion (Emilee and Large, 1989). If world dairy products were to increase under liberalized trade, production would expand and net revenues would be greater than under supply management (Emilee and Large, 1989). The dairy industry under the supply management system in Canada is not as effective as a free market system. The costs of administering the program and the loss to society, taxpayers, and consumers are not worth any benefits that the producers gain from this system. As the world moves toward freer trade, growing pressure will mount on he Canadian government to open its border to trade of dairy products. Dairy production under a free market will allow efficient and entrepreneurial farmers to expand.

The Separation of Church and State Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Separation of Church and State - Thesis Example Many scholars argue that either there has been the separation of State and Church or there never was a connection between the State and the Church in the American history. Mythological studies show that a nationalistic religion is slowly emerging amongst the Americans. Separationist advocate for complete separation of the Church from the religion. They argue that the State should not involve itself in religious matter. They feel that any involvement of the State on the religious matter would eventually lead to preference of certain Churches by the State (Allen 1-4). Accomodationists support involvement of the State on religious matters. However, they argue that the State should avoid sponsoring a certain religion. They believe that if the State supported religion, the move would foster religion in the United States (Allen1-5). Allen (1) argues, â€Å"[t]here has always been a close connection between Church and State, as revealed by the religious use of myths, mantras, and mandates that reveal a nationalistic religion that has wavered between the secular and the sacred.† Religious leaders often quote ancient mythical descents of mantras when describing the relation between Church and State. Mantras, such as chosen nation emerged during the Puritan period, resulted in conceptions that the Church and the State were inseparable (Allen 4-7). The phrase â€Å"separation of Church and State† has a long history. It first emerged during John F. Wilson’s reign. During this period, Church-State issues were interconnected and were considered more of theological-religious issues. The Church issues were thus incorporated in the constitution which resulted in the never-ending debates regarding the Church and State. The disagreement over the separation between the Church and State became evident during periods of religious awakenings and revivals.